Question

Artificial seeds are produced by.
A. Immobilization of somatic embryos
B. Biotransformation
C. Biosynthesis
D. Enzymatic isolations

Answer 1

Hint: Seed like structures are developed experimentally and can be utilized as a substitute for natural seeds. True seeds are produced through an intricate sexual reproduction process, which could take up a lot of time. However, artificial seeds are not time and season-dependent can be engineered within a short duration of at least a month.

Step by step answer:“Synseeds” is another term used for artificial seeds and was first described by Murashige. “An encapsulated single somatic embryo” was the definitive term for artificial seeds coined by Murashige himself. “Artificial seed can be defined as a somatic embryo that is engineered for the particular use in commercial plant production.” For mass propagation of elite plant genotypes and important crop generation, the artificial seed production technique was considered a valuable alternative. Somatic embryoids are used to engineer artificial seeds. They are derived from plant cultures and are encapsulated by a hydrogel. These encapsulated embryoids are used as an alternative to natural seeds as they behave like true seeds if grown in soil. Artificial seeds help in the study of the role of endosperm and the formation of the seed coat.
-Immobilization of somatic embryos: Cell immobilization is defined as the biotechnology process of encapsulating or immobilizing plant cells and animal cells in a suitable matrix. Immobilization involves different techniques all of which result in bioconversion and production of genetically engineered vaccines, tissue graft, proteins and eukaryotic genes. This method is considered as a promising approach for the manufacturing of artificial seeds.
-Biotransformation: Biotransformation is defined as a process wherein chemical compounds undergo structural modification and are transfigured from one form to another to reduce the persistence and toxicity of the chemical compounds. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi play a vital role in aiding the process. This process also transforms absorbed nutrients such as food, oxygen, etc. into essential substances for normal body functions. Hence, this process is explicit for survival.
-Biosynthesis: Biosynthesis is defined as the process involved in the production of a complex chemical compound from simpler precursors in a living organism. The process is assisted by enzymes and energy sources such as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
-Enzyme Isolations: Enzyme isolation is defined as a biological technique utilized for the isolation or singling out of a particular enzyme from the compound mixture. The enzyme can be isolated from plant tissue, animal tissue or microbes. Enzyme isolation aims at a separation of an enzyme from its contaminants and other physical impurities.
Based on the information obtained, it can be determined that artificial seeds are produced by immobilization of somatic embryos.
Therefore the answer is A. Immobilization of somatic embryos

Note: The concept of artificial seeds has been restricted to plant species wherein the production of somatic embryos can be demonstrated. Plant or embryo is obtained from a single somatic cell is known as somatic embryogenesis. It is an artificial process. Plant cells involved in the development of embryos are sources of somatic embryos. Somatic embryos are not enclosed in an endosperm or seed coat. Somatic embryogenesis has been observed in a great many species such as Apium graveolens Daucus carota, Zea mays and Brassica belonging to the species Gossypium hirsutum.