Question

What are three things that substitution mutations cause?

Answer 1

Hint: Mutations refers to alterations in genes which change its expression. They are very crucial for evolution but also cause diseases like cancers. Mutations are the changes in genetic combinations which produce phenotypic changes.

Complete answer:
A mutation is an alteration caused while copying or replicating of DNA molecules which results in variants of DNA which can also be passed onto the offsprings. Mutation causing agents are called mutagens. Types-
Base substitution/Point mutation -They are single base substitutions which can be through- transition or transversion
Missense mutations - When a single base pair substitution happens to modify the genetic code and produce an amino acid different from the normal amino acid.
Nonsense mutations – This mutation causes base to untimely stop reading mRNA causing the chain to be shorter
Silent mutations –A change in the DNA does not change the amino acid.
A frameshift mutation is due to either insertion or deletion of a base pair.
Three things that is caused by Substitution Mutation are:
1. This mutation switches one base for another base. Carcinogens are a cause of these nucleotide swaps. this mutation causes-
2. Alterations in the coding of amino acids codon to stop codon which results in an incomplete protein.
3. Causes Silent mutations.
Alter a codon which encodes a different amino acid ( example- sickle-cell anemia).

Note:
Substances that cause cancers are called carcinogens, these affect the DNA through mutations which are lethal and life threatening. Most of the mutations are eliminated in the process of proofreading and save us from lethal cancers.