Question

What are respiratory substrates?

Answer 1

Hint: Respiration is a phenomenon of formation of energy by the cell from oxygen and glucose combination and this results in the ATP production, water, and carbon-dioxide.

Complete answer:
To understand about respiratory substrates we should know where these are involved. They are involved in cellular respiration. The substrate provides the energy through oxidation, proteins, carbohydrate, and fats are the respiratory substrates.
The breakdown of carbohydrates is the process termed as Glycolysis that gets completed in ten steps and the by-product is pyruvate. In the initial step the glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of hexokinase enzyme. The next step is the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in the presence of glucose phosphate isomerase, then the fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in the involvement of phosphofructokinase. Next, two sugar residues are formed dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate from fructose 1,6 bisphosphate in the presence of aldolase. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate in presence of pyrophosphate isomerase converted into glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate. In the fifth step, the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in the presence of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADH++ is formed. In the next step ATP is formed and converts glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate into 3-phosphoglycerate. Then the 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate in the involvement of enzyme phosphoglyceromutase. In the eighth step the enolases remove one molecule of water from 2 phosphoglycerides and convert into phosphoenolpyruvic acid, this is further converted to pyruvate in presence of pyruvate kinase in the last step.

Note: In the respiration process glucose molecules are broken down to form ATP molecules as energy. The ATP is formed in two ways inside our body, one is the Glycolysis process that is anaerobic and other one is the aerobic respiration.