Question

Yeast reproduces by
A. Spore formation
B. Multiple fission
C. Fragmentation
D. Budding

Answer 1

Hint:-Yeasts are organisms that belong to the Fungi kingdom. They are single-celled organisms whose cell organelles are not bound by any membrane (eukaryotic cells). Yeasts are believed to have evolved from multicellular organisms. Some of them also exhibit a few multicellular features such as the presence of pseudohyphae. The most studied yeast species is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is considered to be a model eukaryotic organism.

Complete Answer:-Yeast produces spores under extremely harsh conditions such as low nutrient availability. Yeast cells undergo meiotic cell division to produce haploid spores. These spores have a thick spore wall that protects it. Thus can brave the harsh environment.
Multiple fission is a mode of reproduction seen in some protists, protozoans, and bacteria. The parent nucleus undergoes several mitotic divisions to produce several nuclei. These nuclei then become a part of the daughter cells.
Fragmentation is a mode of reproduction seen in many organisms that belong to the fungal kingdom. As the name suggests, the organism splits into several fragments, each of these fragments then develops into a new organism. The organism has genetic material identical to that of its parent. This is the asexual mode of reproduction. Multicellular organisms with hyphae (molds, mushrooms) reproduce this way.
The most common method by which yeast cells reproduce is budding. This is the asexual mode of reproduction. The cell, as it initiates the reproduction process, develops a small outgrowth. This outgrowth or bud separates from the parent cell to become an individual cell.

The correct answer is Option (D) - Budding.

Note:- Spore formation in yeast cells is more of a survival strategy. However, the reason for the meiotic division of cells before spore formation is still not clear. While most yeast cells undergo budding, some like S.pombe undergo binary fission. Any change in the environment can cause C. albicans to form hyphae. C. albicans is an opportunistic, disease-causing yeast cell.