Question

Write short notes on the following:
(i) Scientific forestry
(ii) The Kalangs of Java
(iii) Dutch scientific forestry

Answer 1

Hint: A forest is a region of land dominated by trees. The study of forests is known as Forestry. Forests are a vital part of the nation as they provide us with oxygen as well as many essential products.

Complete Answer:
(i) Scientific forestry trades with the preservation and administration of forests on scientific lines. In scientific forestry, several species of trees in forests are cut down and are displaced by one type of tree. Trees are planted in straight rows and are cut down every year are then replanted in a calculated manner. In scientific forestry, natural forests which had several types of trees, were cut down. Scientific forestry was inaugurated in India because the British needed forests in order to manufacture ships and railways. Felling of trees and grazing had to be prohibited so that forests could be conserved for timber output. They felt that people had to be educated in the science of preservation.

(ii) The Kalangs of Java
The Kalangs were a society of experienced forest-cutters and shifting cultivators. The Kalangs of Java were supposed to be a significant community because without their skill it would have been hard to harvest teak and for the kings to build their palaces. In 1770, the Kalangs averted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the rebellion was stifled.

(iii) Dutch scientific forestry
In the 1$9^{th}$ century, the Dutch authorized forest laws in Java, prohibiting villagers’ entry to forests. This law required that wood could be cut for prescribed objectives like making river boats or constructing houses. But this was performed only from particular forests and under tight supervision. Villagers were penalized for grazing cattle, transporting wood without an authorization or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle. This was identical as in India, the need to govern forests for shipbuilding and railways directed to the beginning of a forest service.

Note:In 1980, the Central Government approved the Forest Conservation Act according to which forest territory cannot be transformed into agricultural land without the authorization of the government.
-"Plant more trees" movement was initiated to boost the forest region and to encourage people for plantation.