Question

Which of the following theorists argued that conflict is a normal and desirable aspect of social change?
A) Karl Marx
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Each of the above

Answer 1

Hint: Conflict theories are approaches in sociology and anthropology that emphasise materialist interpretation of events, a philosophical technique of research, an analytical perspective towards the current social structures, and a political agenda of revolution or at least change. Theories of conflict focus on differences in power, such as in social inequality, and contrasting historically powerful concepts. As a result, it is a study of society as a whole.

Complete answer:
Karl Marx, well-renowned theorist propounded the theory of Marxism which is a social, political, and economic philosophy that stresses on the conflict between capitalists and the working class. He was certain that this confrontation would culminate in a revolutionary movement in which the working class would topple the capitalists and take control of the economy.

Emile Durkheim, another theorist, was a firm believer in the power of society to shape individuals. The rules, beliefs, and values of a group of people form a collective consciousness, or a common approach to perceiving and acting in the world. Individuals are bound together by collective awareness, which promotes social inclusion.

An American by birth, Talcott Parsons was a classically trained sociologist better remembered for theories on social action and structural functionalism. In his structural-functional approach, he said that this theory would allow researchers to examine how the interconnected and functioning entities that compose a social structure influence its growth and preservation.

Therefore, the correct option is D. Karl Marx, Talcott Parsons and Emile Durkheim all argued that conflict is a normal and desirable aspect of social change.

Note: Marx is widely considered as the father of social conflict theory which is one of sociology's four basic theories. In certain conflict theories, the goal is to draw attention to the ideological underpinnings of conventional wisdom. Contrary to popular belief, conflict theory does not relate to the traditional school of thought.