Question

Which of the following functions are path independent?
(This question has multiple correct options.)
A. Work
B. Heat
C. Gravitational Potential Energy
D. Internal Energy

Answer 1

Hint: State functions are the path independent functions. From the above given functions, the functions which depend only on the current equilibrium are the state functions of thermodynamics. Gravitational potential energy and internal energy are path independent functions.

Complete answer:
State functions are path independent functions. The functions which depend only on the current equilibrium are the state functions of thermodynamics. A state function tells about the equilibrium state of a system. And also describes the type of system. Let’s take an example, a state function can describe the state of an atom or molecule as if the atom or molecule was in a gaseous, liquid, or solid form. And also it is a heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture. And also describe the amounts of energy which is required to create such systems or change them into a different equilibrium state.
From the given options, gravitational potential energy and internal energy of the system are the path independent function.
Hence, option C and D are correct.

Note:
Gravitational potential energy is the energy an object possesses because of the gravitational field. It is the potential energy of an object which is related to another object by the gravity. In other words when objects fall towards each other, then the energy which is released associated with the gravitational field. Internal energy is an extensive property of the system. It cannot be measured directly. Internal energy is defined by the transfer of matter or transfer of heat. Due to change in internal state of the system there are losses of energy or gain of energy takes place which is maintained by internal energy of the system.