Question

The process of separation and purification of expressed protein before marketing is called as-
A. Postproduction processing
B. Upstream processing
C. Downstream processing
D. Bioprocessing

Answer 1

Hint: Bioprocessing or biotechnology is used in the formation of various pharmaceuticals, nourishments, flavours, and energies with the help of a biocatalyst, for example, a catalyst, microorganisms, plant cell, or creature cell in a bioreactor.

Complete answer:
Downstream handling is typically due as it gets partitioned into three primary areas called- the cell interruption, decontamination segments and the cleaning segment. The unstable items can then be isolated by refining of gathered culture without a pre treatment. Refining is then done at a reduced weight at a constant stills. When it has decreased weight, refining the item straight from the fermentor might be conceivable. The means of the downstream preparing is-

-Insolubles are removed: here the product is normally captured as a solute in the particulate-free liquid. The Examples are: cell debris is usually separated from the fermentation broth which contains the antibiotic. It Can be carried out by these operations - centrifugation, filtration, or sedimentation, precipitation, & gravity settling to recover the products from solid alternatives operations like the process of homogenisation, grinding or the leaching.
 -Product Isolation: it is the elimination of the elements, differing from the properties of desired product. Mostly the water is the primary impurity & accordingly the steps are then devised to eliminate the most of it. Some operations are: precipitation, solvent extraction, and ultrafiltration.

-Purification of products normally involves the separation of the contaminants closely imitating the product in physical & the chemical properties. Some of the operations carried out here are- size inclusion, affinity, ion: exchange, reversed-phase chromatography, crystallization.

-Polishing of the product: This is the final step in processing which gets terminated with the product-packaging which is easy to transport, convenient and is stable. Some operations under this is- crystallization,, desiccation, operations like depyrogenation or the virus removal is carried out where the polishing includes sterilisation of the product & removal or deactivation of the trace contaminants.

Hence, the correct answer is option (C).

Note: The downstream piece of a bioprocess gets alluded to the part from the upstream where the cell mass is normally handled to meet the virtue and of the quality prerequisites. It is several steps before any product comes to use.