Question

The intensity of light transmitted by the analyzer is maximum when

Answer 1

Hint: A polarizer, also known as a polariser, is an optical filter that allows light waves of one polarisation to pass through while blocking light waves of others. It may convert an undefined or mixed polarised light beam into polarised light by filtering it. Linear polarizers and circular polarizers are the two most popular forms of polarizers. Polarizers and polarising filters are employed in a variety of optical techniques and equipment, including photography and LCD technology. Polarizers may also be created for other forms of electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays, in addition to visible light.

Complete step by step answer:
According to Malus' law, the intensity of plane-polarized light passing through an analyzer varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the polarizer's plane and the analyzer's transmission axis.
The law allows us to verify the nature of polarised light statistically. Let's look at how Malus' law is expressed.
Point 1 – Regardless of how the polarising axis is oriented, when unpolarized light is incident on a perfect polarizer, the intensity of the transmitted light is precisely half that of the incident unpolarized light.
Point 2 – An ideal polarising filter passes 100 percent of incoming unpolarized light polarised in the Polarizing axis of the filter.
When linearly polarised light travels through a second polarizer (analyser), the second polarizer's polarising axis creates an angle (d) with the first polarizer's polarising axis. Because the intensity of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude, the transmitted to incident amplitude ratio is $\cos \phi $, and the transmitted to incident intensity ratio is ${\cos ^2}\phi $.
When\[\theta = {0^o}\;or{\text{ }}{180^o}\], Malus' law \[I\alpha co{s^2}\theta \] states that\[I = {I_o}co{s^2}{0^o}\; = {\text{ }}{I_o}\], implying that the intensity of light transmitted by the analyzer is greatest when the transmission axes of the analyzer and polarizer are parallel.

Note:
If we wish to study or comprehend the polarisation characteristics of light, we need to know about Malus law. The law aids in the investigation of the polarizer-analyzer light intensity relationship. Étienne-Louis Malus, who discovered that natural incident light may be polarised when reflected by a glass surface in 1808, is the name of the Malus law. For his experiment, he utilised calcite crystal. Following his observations, he proposed the idea that natural light was made up of s- and p-polarizations that were perpendicular to each other. This equation is used to show the transverse character of electromagnetic waves as well as explain the fundamental link between optics and electromagnetism.