Question

Surgical method of sterilization in a woman involves cutting and tying of
a. Ureter
b. Uterus
c. Urethra
d. Oviduct

Answer 1

Hint: Sterilization in a woman can be defined as a process to control child birth completely. It is one of the most effective procedures to prevent pregnancy. There are different methods to perform sterilization. Surgical methods of sterilization in women are called Tubectomy or Tubal Ligation.

Complete answer:
Sterilization is a good method to prevent child birth. Female sterilization works by blocking the fallopian tubes (oviduct). Sterilization in females is a more complex process than in males, and is comparatively expensive as well. There are two major techniques of female sterilization: surgical and non-surgical.

Non-surgical methods include insertion of certain devices (metal coils) to block fallopian tubes through vagina and cervix. Non-surgical method requires time, approximately 3 months after the procedure is done, to form scar tissue around the device to block the oviduct completely.

As mentioned above, the surgical method is called tubal ligation. In surgical method, the oviduct/fallopian tube is cut, folded and tied. This prevents the passage of egg through the oviduct and so sperm cannot reach the egg. Without fertilization of egg, there are no chances of pregnancy.

There are two methods to perform these surgeries-
> Mini laparotomy – In this method, a cut is made in the abdomen and then a small portion of fallopian tube is cut. The open ends of the oviduct are folded and tied separately. Sometimes, complete oviduct is removed.
> Laparoscopy – In this method, an incision is made near the belly button and a device known as laparoscope is inserted which helps to see the organs present inside. Through this device, an instrument is passed to cut and tie the oviducts.

Surgical methods of sterilization are effective immediately after the process is completed and the risk of failure is very low. In-fact, there are no side effects of this procedure. It does not affect the hormone levels or menstrual cycle.

Hence, the correct answer is option (B).

Note: Female sterilization does not work against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This means that sterilization does not guarantee protection against STIs, thus other methods should be used for protection against these infections.
Uterus is a part of the female reproductive system but is not involved in surgical sterilization. Ureter and Urethra are part of the excretory system.