Question

Sedge meadow stage and reed swamp stage are several stages seen in
A. Psammosere
B. Lithosere
C. Hydro-sere
D. Aerosere

Answer 1

Hint:Marshy soil is found in the Sedge Marsh. The Reed swamp is that phase observed in plants wherein their roots are immersed in the water, but the above portion is aerial or floats on the water surface. There are some occurrences of swamp reeds, e.g., Typha, Nymphaea, Reed Grasses, etc.

Complete answer:
A Hydrosere is a succession field seen in a freshwater area and consists of seven phases:
Phytoplankton phase: The pioneering colonizers are simple life forms such as bacteria, algae, and other aquatic plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) that are floating in the water at this point.
Submerged phase: A loose layer of mud is formed at the bottom of the pond and some submerged rooted layer is formed.
Floating phase: From its original position, the submerged vegetation begins to disappear and the floating plants gradually appear in the field.
Reed swamp stage: Floating plants gradually disappear and amphibious plants that can live successfully in the aquatic and aerial environment take their places.
Sedge Marsh or meadow stage: Marshy soil is seen and plants are adapted to this climate. Hydrophytes are seen beginning to emerge.
Woodland stage: Open vegetation or woodland forms some shrubs and later medium-sized trees.
Climax forest: The Hydrosere contributes to climax vegetation growth.

So, 'Hydrosere' is the correct alternative.

Note: Hydrosere is a succession that is seen in ponds, pools, lakes or elsewhere in the water. On the other side, succession is called xerosere if it is starting on the bare rock or other places where there is an extreme water deficiency.