Question

Protosteles are found in
(a)Bryophyta
(b)Gymnosperms
(c)Pteridophyta
(d)Angiosperms

Answer 1

Hint: Protosteles are commonly found in Equisetum and Dryopteris. They are regarded as the first plants to be evolved on earth. Protosteles exist in vascular plants. This community is seedless, vascular, and cryptogam.

Complete answer:
Protosteles are the most complex type of stellar organization among all pteridophytes. They are solid steel with most origins, having a phloem-enclosed central xylem core. In their rhizome, stem or roots, most of the pteridophytes exhibit protostelic character.

Additional Information: The gymnosperm and dicotyledonous stem are distinguished by Eustele. Eustele can be characterized as an ectophloic siphonostele type with overlapping gaps in the leaves. Polysteles occur in angiosperms in families such as the Acanthaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Palmae, etc. Polystele can be described as having more than one protostele, as seen in a stem's cross-section.
Pteridophytes exhibit alternating generations. Their life cycle is similar to seed-bearing plants, but as both haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations are separate and free-living, the pteridophytes vary from mosses and seed plants.
Unlike most other Plant Kingdom members, pteridophytes do not reproduce by seeds, instead, they reproduce through spores.
There are four kinds of protostele. They are haplostele, actinostele, plectostele, and mixed protostele.
So, the correct answer is, ‘Pteridophyta’.

Note: The stele is the central part of the root or stem in a vascular plant. They contain the tissues derived from the procambium. These include vascular tissue, ground tissue (pith) in certain cases, and a pericycle that determines the stele's outermost boundary if present. The endodermis sits outside the stele, which is the cortex's innermost cell layer.