Question

How do ribosomes relate to DNA?

Answer 1

Hint: The nucleus contains the DNA of the cell and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. When DNA from the nucleus is transcribed, ribosomes are large protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) complexes responsible for protein synthesis.

Complete answer:
Various types of RNA have various roles. Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes a portion of DNA called transcription during the first part of protein synthesis. The mRNA's nitrogen bases are complementary to the DNA segment's nitrogen bases. A codon, which codes for a particular amino acid, forms all three bases.

The mRNA, either in the cytoplasm or in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, passes to the ribosome. The nucleolus-made ribosomes consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are the location of translation, the mechanism in which a sequence of amino acids is translated into the mRNA code.

The amino acids are transported by molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) from the cytoplasm to the mRNA at the ribosome. The tRNA comprises an anticodon consisting of three bases of nitrogen and a codon-to-anticodon pair with the mRNA.

The tRNA anticodon is the same as the initial codon of DNA, except that the nitrogen base uracil is present in tRNA rather than thymine in DNA. The original DNA code is restored in this way, and the amino acids are placed on the ribosome in the correct order.

As a product of divergent evolution, eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are distinct from each other. These differences are exploited by antibiotics which without affecting eukaryotic ribosomes, are designed to inhibit the prokaryotic ribosomes of infectious bacteria, thus not interfering with the cells of the sick host.

Note: Cellular DNA offers instructions for building the various proteins that the cell needs to live. In order for a cell to produce these proteins, unique genes within its DNA must first be transcribed into mRNA molecules, and then these transcripts must be translated into chains of amino acids that later fold into fully functional proteins.