Question

Give the name of the two semi-autonomous cell organelles.

Answer 1

Hint: Organelle is known as a powerhouse of cells thus, where the electron transport chain occurs. Organelle present in photosynthetic plants responsible for photosynthesis in plants.

Complete answer:
-MITOCHONDRIA
-It is a membrane double cell organelles that produce most of the chemical energy needed to power the cells.
-Mitochondria origin is given by two hypotheses- endosymbiotic and autogenous.
-Mitochondria contain their own double-stranded circular DNA which indicates the endosymbiosis hypothesis.
-One mitochondrion contains two to ten copies of its DNA according to the requirement of cell energy.

-CHLOROPLAST
-It is the organelle that contains photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll.
-The chloroplast is a two membrane cell organelles.
-Chloroplast DNA is known as plastome which contains 120,000 to 170,000 base pair long DNA.
-Chloroplast DNA replicates using a double displacement loop i.e. D- loop.
-Chloroplast plays an important role in pathogen defence and immune defence in plants.
-Chloroplast contains around 100 genes mainly translated to the protein used for photosynthesis.
-The cell organelles have their DNA, enzyme, and transport system which make them capable of synthesizing functional proteins.
-Semi-autonomous cell organelles can survive their own.
-The semi-autonomous cell organelles are mitochondria, chloroplast, and plastids.

Note:
-RBC lacks mitochondria.
-In humans, mitochondria contain 16 kilobases which include 37 genes.
-Chloroplasts have their DNA as well as ribosomes.
-The cell organelles which possess their ribosomes are called mitoribosome.
-Chlorophyll captures energy from the sunlight and stores it in chemical molecules- ATP and NADPH.
-Plastids also contain their DNA which encodes for rRNA, tRNA and about 150 proteins.