Question

Explain briefly any five assisted reproductive technologies to overcome from infertility problems.

Answer 1

Hint: The reproductive system in humans is very complex that contains many different tissues. The males possess the male reproductive system, which produces male gamete or sperm. In the same way, females have a female reproductive system producing female gamete, ovum or egg.

Complete answer: In normal human beings, the male and female gamete combines to produce a viable zygote that divides and develops into a fetus and later on producing young ones.
But, there are many human beings, either male or female, in which the reproductive system is faulty and not working properly. The married couples, which have reproductive abnormalities, cannot produce viable gametes or zygote.
To produce babies, these couples have to follow the guidance of a qualified doctor who helps them by using assisted reproductive techniques (ART) that help such parents to produce babies. These ART techniques include -
-In-vitro fertilization (IVF): The male gametes and female gametes or ovum is collected from parents or donors and they are fertilized in the laboratory and later on, it is transplanted in the uterus after a few stages of cell division.
-Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT): in this method, the ovum is collected from the female ovary and then transferred into the fallopian tube along with male gamete or sperm and the fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.
-Pronuclear stage tubal transfer (PROST): in this technique, the oocytes, the cell that will produce ovum on meiotic division, is fertilized by using IVF and the pronuclear oocyte, which contains the nucleus of sperm that is still not fused with the nucleus of ovum, is transferred into the fallopian tube.
-Tubal embryo transfer (TET): in this method, first a good quality embryo is selected based on its growth after in-vitro fertilization and then, it is transferred directly into the fallopian tube by laparoscopic method.
-Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT): This method is used when the fallopian tubes are blocked or prevents the movement of sperms into it and prevents natural fertilization. The ovum of these females are removed and fertilized by in-vitro methods. The zygote produced in this way is transferred into the fallopian tube directly by laparoscopic method.

Note: The female whose ovary is not working and they cannot produce ovum. Then, the ovum is collected for them from their near family members like sisters or professional donors of age below 30 years. In the same way, the males with defective reproductive systems cannot produce a viable number of sperms. So, these are collected from near family members, donors or sperm banks.