Question

How many ATP molecules are produced in aerobic respiration?

Answer 1

Hint: Respiration of cells is the process through which organisms convert glucose into a form that can be used as energy by the cell. The fundamental energy carrier in living things is ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Complete answer:
1. Glycolysis is a process that takes place in the cytoplasm.
Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with this stage.
To begin, it requires 2 ATP and starts with glucose.
Converts glucose to PGAL, which is ultimately converted to pyruvate.
4 ADP is converted to 4 ATP, while 2 $NAD^+$ is converted to 2 NADH.
End products are 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH for each glucose at the start.

2. Between glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation (the citric acid cycle):
Pyruvates from glycolysis enter the mitochondrion's inner compartment.
Two NADH are produced when one carbon atom is removed.
Acetyl-CoA is formed when the remaining 2-carbon fragment is linked with coenzyme A.

3. The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) takes place in the mitochondrion's inner compartment.
Oxaloacetate is linked to acetyl-CoA.
The resulting 6-carbon molecule is broken down through a sequence of processes.
ADP is converted to ATP, $NAD^+$ is converted to NADH, and $FAD^+$ is converted to $FADH_2$.
Carbon from the breakdown reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, a waste product.At the end of the cycle, oxaloacetate is regenerated.
The citric acid cycle produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 $FADH_2$ for every glucose that enters glycolysis.

4. Electron transport phosphorylation (ETP): ETP begins in the mitochondrion's inner compartment.
All of the NADH and $FADH_2$ that were created in the previous steps are used.
NADH and $FADH_2$ are depleted of hydrogen ions and electrons.
Electrons are transported down an electron transport system embedded in the mitochondria's inner membrane.
The electron transport system uses electron energy to create ATP.
A concentration gradient is created when hydrogen ions flow into the outer compartment of the mitochondrion.
In response to the concentration gradient, hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthases and return to the inner compartment.
ATP synthases utilise the energy of hydrogen ion movement to produce additional ATP.
Because oxygen is required for aerobic respiration, it is linked to hydrogen ions to form water.
ETP causes the production of 32 ATPs.

A total of 36 ATPs are produced from aerobic respiration for each glucose that enters glycolysis (2 from glycolysis, 2 from citric acid cycle, 32 from ETP).

Note:
Anaerobic respiration is an essential component of cellular respiration. Glycolysis, the first step in all types of cellular respiration, is anaerobic and requires no oxygen. If there is oxygen present, the pathway will proceed to the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. However, in the absence of oxygen, some organisms can ferment to produce ATP indefinitely.