Question

What are the steps in gene expression?

Answer 1

Hint: A cell's ability to utilise the information in its genes to generate specified amounts of certain proteins at specific times and locations determines its activity. Developmental genetics studies how gene expression and regulatory patterns influence the multicellular organism's development from a single cell.

Complete answer:
The information needed to build functioning molecules called proteins is found in most genes. (A few genes create regulatory substances that aid in protein synthesis in the cell.) Within each cell, the process of turning a gene into a protein is complicated and tightly regulated. Transcription and translation are the two primary procedures/steps.

Gene expression refers to the combination of transcription and translation. The information encoded in a gene's DNA is transmitted to a related molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus during transcription. Although both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotides, their chemical characteristics are slightly different.Because it transports the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, messenger RNA (mRNA) is the type of RNA that includes the information for building a protein.

The cytoplasm is where translation, the second step in the process of turning a gene into a protein, takes place. The mRNA interacts with a structure called a ribosome, which "reads" the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA. A codon is a three-nucleotide sequence that usually codes for a single amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.)

Transfer RNA (tRNA), a form of RNA, puts the protein together one amino acid at a time. The ribosome continues to assemble proteins until it comes across a “stop” codon (a sequence of three nucleotides that does not code for an amino acid). One of the fundamental concepts of molecular biology is the movement of information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It is so crucial that it is frequently referred to as the "core dogma."

Note: Cells must be able to respond to changes in their environment in order to survive. This plasticity is dependent on the regulation of the two primary processes of protein creation, transcription and translation. Cells have the ability to control which genes are transcribed and which transcripts are translated, as well as biochemically process transcripts and proteins to affect their function. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have transcription and translation regulation, although it is significantly more sophisticated in eukaryotes.