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What are the functions of gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach?
A) Production of pepsin enzyme that digests proteins
B) Secretion of mucus for protection of inner lining of stomach
C) Secretion of HCl, which kills the bacteria and foreign harmful organisms in the food
D) All of the above.

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Last updated date: 29th Mar 2024
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MVSAT 2024
Answer
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Hint:Let us first understand the location of gastric glands. Two or three tubular(in appearance) gastric glands open into the bottom of each gastric pit. According to the region of stomach, there are three types of gastric glands namely cardiac, fundic and pyloric. Gastric glands contain several types of cells that secrete different products.

Complete answer:
There are three gastric glands in the bottom of each gastric pit. Now, as we have come across a new term “gastric pit” let us understand what it is. So, our stomach wall typically consists of four layers(mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. This is the sequence from inside to outside). Among these four, The columnar epithelium of the Mucosa layer(innermost one) is invaginated at close intervals into lamina propria(it is an areolar connective tissue) and this invagination forms gastric pits.(gastric pits are also known as Foveolae).

Let us now see the different types of cells of gastric glands and their secretions.
1. Mucous neck cells are present, and these secrete mucous. They are found predominantly in the region of cardiac and pyloric glands.
2. Parietal cells ( also known as oxyntic cells) are found mostly in the upper half of the gland secreting hydrochloric acid and casting intrinsic factor.
3, Enterochromaffin cells secrete histamine, which stimulates hydrochloric acid.
4.Chief (Also known as zymogenic) cells, are so named because they are the most numerous, secrete rennin and lipase in infancy and pepsinogen throughout life. They dominate the lower half of the gastric glands but are absent from cardiac and pyloric glands.
5. D-cells secrete the hormone somatostatin.
6. G-cells secretes the hormone gastrin.
7. Regenerative cells found in the base and neck of the gland, divide rapidly and produce a continual supply of new cells which replace the cells that die.
After evaluation of all the cells and all the functions and secretions, the answer comes out to be option D that is all of the above.

Note:The stomach has recently been shown to secrete a hormone called ghrelin. Secretion of this newly discovered hormone rises before meals and falls after the meals. This may serve as a signal from the stomach to the brain that helps in regulating hunger.