Question

What are the factors affecting the capillary rise of water?

Answer 1

Hint: We need to know that the capillary action is the process of a liquid flowing in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. The effect can be seen in porous materials such as paper and plaster, in some non-porous materials such as sand and liquefied carbon fiber.

Complete answer:
There are many reasons for the rise of water in capillary. The height to which the water rises in the capillary tube depends on the following factors.
Capillary rise is inversely proportional to the density of the liquid.
Directly proportional to the surface tension of the liquid
Inversely proportional to the bore of the capillary tube.
In the case of a capillary tube, its bore size is very small due to which the points on the surface are very close to the walls and the rest of the surface becomes curved. When we immerse capillary in water which is concave on the upward side, the air pressure at that time becomes atmospheric pressure. The pressure on the convex side of the free surface is less than that on the concave side. The pressure at points just below the flat surface of water in the surrounding vessel is atmospheric pressure. The system loses its equilibrium due to which the water rises in the capillary.

Note:
Adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an upward force on the liquid at the edges and result in a meniscus which turns upward. Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.