Question

What are Glycosuria and Ketonuria? Explain.

Answer 1

Hint: Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and many other animals. When excess or deficiency of organic compounds like ketones, glucose etc are observed, that can lead to urine diseases.

Complete answer:
Glucosuria is a condition in which the glucose is excreted into the urine. Usually, kidneys can reabsorb the glucose that is present in the urine during filtration. This condition occurs when there is an excess level of blood glucose, commonly due to Diabetes mellitus.
Ketonuria is the condition which occurs due to the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. When there is not enough glucose in the body, ketones are produced. Ketones are produced when the fats and proteins in the body are burnt to produce energy. If the ketone levels become too high for too much time, the body becomes acidic which is harmful to the body.

Additional Information: Causes of Ketonuria:
Under conditions of incorrect carbohydrate metabolism, the ketones start to get accumulated in the blood (ketonemia) and are excreted in the urine (ketonuria). The accumulation of ketones is often leading to the cause of acidosis and coma in diabetics.
-Ketones are mildly toxic to the body, which leads with the excretion of uric acid, to produce a mild depression of the central nervous system, and cause acidosis.
Urine Glucose:
The presence of excess amounts of glucose in the urine is called glycosuria (or glucosuria). The amount of glucose present in urine is mainly dependent upon the level of blood glucose, the rate of glomerular filtration, and the tubular reabsorption of the sugar. Usually, glucose will not be present in the urine. But when the blood level exceeds 160-189 mg/dL, it leads to problems.
Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of hyperglycemia. Stress, obesity, brain injury, myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and a lowered renal threshold due to kidney damage will also cause glycosuria.

Note: Normal Urine:
-Colour: Observed pale yellow in healthy individuals.
-Volume: It varies with water intake, season and dietary status.
High volume is suggestive of diabetes.
Low volume indicates dehydration.
-Transparency: Normal urine appears transparent. Most Urine samples develop turbidity in a few hours when left in a laboratory.
-pH: Urine pH is slightly variable due to the nature of the diet. The pH tends to become acidic after a high protein or meat diet.
-Chemical composition: urea, creatinine, organic acids, electrolytes, uric acid etc.