Question

Synthetic seeds are produced by
(a)Encapsulating somatic embryos
(b)Encapsulating zygotic embryogenesis in artificial nutrient jelly
(c)Encapsulating genetically engineered embryos
(d)Transplanting zygotic embryogenesis of one plant in the endosperm of a related plant

Answer 1

Hint Seed is a protective outer covering of an embryonic plant which includes the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants. They are the products of the ripened ovary after the process of fertilization by Pollen and grows in the mother plant.

Complete answer:
Synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating somatic embryos. It is an encapsulated plant tissue that includes somatic embryos, axillary buds, shoot tips, cell aggregates, and other micro propagules that consist of the potential to grow like a plant in certain conditions such as in-vivo or in-vitro conditions when the seeds are sown. The increase in demand for artificial seeds leads to the introduction of somatic embryogenesis. It includes a single somatic cell that is formed from plant cells and is not involved in the development of embryos. The seed storage proteins of Woody plants are of commercial importance which is developed using somatic embryogenesis. Certain ambiguous factors affect the controlling cell differentiation in somatic embryos which constitutes certain compounds that are excreted by plant tissue cultures and necessary to coordinate cell division and morphological changes.

Additional information:
The synthetic seeds are high in volume and use a large scale propagation method. They maintained the genetic uniformity of the plants and were involved in the rapid multiplication of the plant which cost lower per plantlet. They delivered propagules to the field directly and eliminated transplants. They are easy to transport and handle while in storage. They have the potential for long-term storage without losing their viability and maintains the clonal nature of the resulting plants. It allows economical mass propagation of plant varieties and serves as a channel for certain new plant lines that are produced during the technological advances that are delivered directly to the greenhouse or field.

So, the correct answer is ' Encapsulating somatic embryos'.

Note: In 1992 the first synthetic seed was produced using carrot by Kitto and Janick. The somatic embryo constitutes basal and apical meristematic regions that are capable of forming roots and shoot respectively.