Question

Name any two exceptions to cell theory?

Answer 1

Hint: Cell theory was proposed by botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann in the 1830s.
They state that: The basic unit of life in any living organism is a cell. The organelles are present in the eukaryotic cells, while prokaryotic cells do not contain them.

Complete answer:
We had known the meaning of the cell theory. However, on the other hand, some of the organisms present on the earth do not follow these rules. This makes them exceptions.

One of them is a virus. The viruses can be defined as the non-cellular organism. In general, these microorganisms are categorized by having a passive crystalline pattern external to the cell.

On infecting a cell of an organism, they generally take over the host cell's role to replicate themselves, which in turn leads to the death of the host.

Another exception is Coenocytic organisms.
The Coenocytic organisms like Vaucheria and fungi belong to the phylum of Phycomycetes. These are said to be filamentous with incessant protoplasm and considerable nuclei numbers. The filament is not separated archetypally into cells, with the help of a single nucleus that experiences division occasionally.

Additional information:
We know the cell theory is first proposed by Schleiden and Schwann. However, it states only about the new cells. To tell about the origin of these cells, Rudolf Virchow proposed the modification of cell theory. Thus, they led to the formation of an acceptable theory that can be accepted by modern society. This theory, in turn, led to the development of many novel theories which made the concept easier to understand.

Note: The membrane, genetic material (generally DNA), and cytoplasm can be included as the essential components of a living cell. Thus, we can say that theories of the cell consist of very large concepts but exceptions like viruses and coenocytic organisms can be referred to as something that is not directly related to the cell.