Question

What is Keratinization? Write the names of the structures formed by it?

Answer 1

Hint: On the basis of shape proteins are of two types - globular and fibrous proteins. Globular proteins are more commonly found as being the part of enzymes and cell receptors whereas fibrous proteins serve the function of structural and mechanical support to cells. Keratin is a very common fibrous protein which forms the structural parts of many important parts of animals.

Complete solution:
The process of keratinization refers to the changes occurring in the cytoplasm of the cells of the uppermost layer of the skin leading to deposition of more and more keratin. The cells in which the process of keratinization occurs are known as keratinocytes.
The uppermost layer of the skin of vertebrates undergoes keratinization and this layer skin is known as stratum corneum and thus the process of keratinization is also known as cornification and the cells which undergo cornification are known as corneocytes.
Just beneath the stratum corneum is the stratum Malpighi which is further divided into many layers. In other words, the epithelium of skin is divided into many layers and as the cells of one layer go through the other layer (just above it) during growth and cellular differentiation the more they get keratinized.
Keratinization leads to the formation of many structures in vertebrates which includes:
Hairs
Nails
Horns
Hoofs etc.

Note:
Keratin is a type of fibrous protein, which can be divided into two categories: soft keratin and hard keratin. It forms most of the cytoplasmic epithelium and epidermal structure. Keratin is rich in animal hair, nails, hair, horns and other characteristics. This can occur in two conformations, alpha-helix and beta-sheet. Keratinization renders hardness to the skin and provides mechanical and structural support.