Question

Gabriel phthalimide reaction is used for the preparation of:
A. ${{\text{1}}^{\text{o}}}$amine
B. ${{\text{2}}^{\text{o}}}$amine
C. ${{\text{3}}^{\text{o}}}$amine
D. ${4^{\text{o}}}$amine

Answer 1

Hint: The phthalimide gives nucleophilic substitution with an alkyl halide to form amines. The amine should not be hindered because hindered amine are not formed by Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis.

Complete step by step solution:Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis is used for the conversion of primary alkyl halide into an amine.
In Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, a base abstract proton from phthalimide gives a nucleophile phthalimide ion which attacks on the unhindered primary alkyl halide. The base hydrolysis of alkylated phthalimide gives the primary unhindered amine and phthalimide ion.
Phthalimide ion itself is a bulky ion, so it prefers attack on less hindered primary alkyl halide.
A general reaction is as follows:

As the primary alkyl halides are used, primary amines are formed. Primary amine will have nitrogen attached with only one carbon and two hydrogens. So, primary amines are synthesised by Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis.

Therefore option (A) ${{\text{1}}^{\text{o}}}$amine, is correct.

Note: Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis is not used for the preparation of secondary, tertiary aliphatic amines due to steric hindrance. This method is also not used for the preparation of aromatic amines. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis nucleophilic substitution reaction. The general reaction shown by aromatic halide is the electrophilic substitution reaction. Because aromatic halide shows resonance due to resonance they are stable. The nucleophilic substitution destabilizes the resonance of the aromatic compounds.