Question

Explain with examples:
(i) Macronutrients
(ii) Micronutrients
(iii) Beneficial nutrients
(iv) Toxic elements
(v) Essential elements

Answer 1

Hint: In order to build non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, or exoskeletons, nutrients may be absorbed into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells. In the course of releasing energy, certain nutrients may be metabolically transferred to smaller molecules, such as sugars, lipids, proteins and fermentation materials, resulting in water and carbon dioxide end-products.

Complete answer:
(i) Macronutrients
Macronutrients are calorie or energy-providing nutrients that are needed in large quantities to sustain body functions and perform everyday life activities. Three wide types of macronutrients are available: proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
Examples: The food which is rich in proteins, carbohydrates and fats such as dates, milk, fresh vegetables and fruits, whole wheat bread and fish are few examples for Macronutrients.

(ii) Micronutrients
Only in minuscule quantities are micronutrients necessary, these substances are the "magic wands" that cause the body to generate enzymes, hormones and other substances that are important for proper growth and development. However, as limited as the sums are, the effects of their lack are serious.
Examples: Iodine, vitamin A and iron rich foods are the examples for Micronutrients.

(iii) Beneficial nutrients
These components have been shown to control the absorption, translocation and use of other essential components, to assist in the development of critical metabolites by stimulating the enzymatic system / action and to mitigate the toxic effects of certain other components or anti-metabolites.
Examples: Silicon (Si) for rice, Sodium (Na), Aluminum (Al), Cobalt (Co), Selenium (Se), Iodine (I), Gallium (Ga) and Vanadium (Va)

(iv) Toxic elements
There are a variety of elements that are harmful to the bloodstream, interfere with the operation of the human body and undermine fitness. There are no known biochemical roles of these poisonous metals. They can be harmful to organ systems and the balance of vital nutrients can be disrupted. It is possible to determine toxic metals and the condition of vital elements in urine, skin, faeces and fur.
Examples: Mercury, lead, cadmium, aluminum and arsenic.

(v) Essential elements
Any of a variety of elements needed to ensure normal growth, production, and maintenance by living organisms. In addition to the elements present in organic compounds (i.e. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen), plants, animals and microorganisms all need, depending on the type of organism, a number of elements in inorganic forms in different quantities.
Examples: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and nickel.

Note: The food which we consumed has both essential and toxic elements. So proper cooking and washing of food has to be done before consumption. Sometimes more cooking will lead to elimination of some major nutrients.