Question

Explain the process of translation in protein synthesis.

Answer 1

Hint: Decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide substance is the method of translation in biology. A message written in the form of nucleotides is "translated" into the amino acids' chemical language. A mRNA prototype, amino acids, ribosomes, tRNAs, an energy source, and various additional accessory enzymes and small molecules are needed for translation.

Complete answer:
-mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm, where it binds with ribosomes after mRNA is synthesized by the transcription process.
-Ribosomes are protein synthesis sites. There are three major binding sites for ribosomes, one for mRNA and two (A site and P site) for tRNA. The P site is occupied by the initial codon methionine and the A site is occupied by the second codon. A base pair with the mRNA in the A site forms the tRNA molecule whose anticodon is complementary to the mRNA.
-A peptide bond is formed between the amino acid attached to the A-site tRNA and the P-site methionine. The ribosome then slides down the mRNA in such a way that the tRNA moves to the P site from the A site, and the A site is filled by a new codon. Until one of the three stop codons occupies the A site, this process continues. The protein chain linked to the tRNA in the P site is released at that point and the translation is complete.

Note: A description of the transfer of genetic information within a biological system is the central dogma of molecular biology. The three primary processes are replication, transcription, and translation.
A ribonucleoprotein complex called ribosomes catalyzes the decoding and 'linking' process and can result in amino acid chains of lengths ranging from tens to more than 1,000. The resulting proteins are so important to the cell that the energy of a cell is absorbed by their synthesis more than any other metabolic process.