Question

Explain any three measures, which will control vehicular air pollution in Indian cities.

Answer 1

Hint: Air pollution means mixing of pollutants or pollution causing agents in the air like dust and carbon (solid) particles, spores, pollens and different harmful gases emitted from the vehicle and factories etc.

Complete answer:
> The measure cause of pollution is the gases coming out of the vehicles in cities. The exhaust of vehicles, called vehicular pollutants, contains mainly gases like nitrogen oxides $(NO_2)$, carbon monoxide $(CO)$, sulfur dioxide $(SO_2)$, carbon dioxide $(CO_2)$, carbon particle (shoot) or other particulate matter etc.
> To control vehicular pollution, the following measure can be used to keep the environment clean.
Discard the old vehicle: the old vehicles are made using old technology, and their fuel efficiencies are lower. Hence, they produce more smoke due to incomplete burning of fuel.
> Using catalytic converters in vehicles: The catalytic converters are a special type of devices fitted in vehicles that can convert the toxic and harmful gases of the vehicular exhaust into less toxic gases or pollutants by using oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions.
> Use of unleaded petrol: it is a type of petrol that has not been treated with lead, hence, contains less or zero lead in petrol. It does not produce the harmful substance in the exhaust.
> Use of sulfur-free petrol: sulfur is normally found in petrol and diesel. Sulfur-free petrol and diesel produce less toxic emission in the exhaust.

Note: The government has made guidelines for the production of new vehicles (2 - 4 wheelers) with reduced vehicular emission. These are called Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards. The old vehicles, which cannot qualify the new Bharat stage emission standards, are not allowed to run on roads in major cities, and they are not getting re-registration.