Question

How did the life of pastoralist's change under colonial rule?
A. Their grazing grounds shrank
B. Their movements were regulated
C. They had to pay increased revenue
D. All of the above

Answer 1

Hint: Pastoralism is a type of animal husbandry where domesticated animals known as livestock are released traditionally by nomadic people who have moved around with their herds on large vegetated outdoor lands (pastures) for grazing.

Complete answer:
Under colonial rule, the lives of pastoralists transformed in the following ways:-
* The colonial masters were particularly involved in the colonies' revenue production. By converting the pastoral lands into agricultural lands, they discovered that this could be done. This boosted their profits. Therefore the conversion of pastoral lands into agricultural lands resulted in cattle being reduced.
* Several Forest Acts were passed by the government by which forests were declared protected because they offered valuable timber. This provided the pastoralists with problems.
* Government started to levy cattle taxes to increase revenues, which proved to be a major financial burden for the pastoralists.
For the above purposes, pastoralists have decreased the number of livestock or have started to explore new pastoral lands. In one location, many wealthy pastoralists settled down and started farming land. They've lost their nomadic lives. The colonial policies were hit hard by weak pastoralists and they lost their cattle.

Hence the correct answer is option D.

Note: Pastoralists in white areas were not approved to access the markets. In any form of exchange, they were also barred from participating. White settlers never wanted to have any contact with the Blacks, but since they relied on Black labour to work in mines, construct roads and cities, etc., it was not possible.