Question

Carbon tetrachloride ($CC{l}_4$ ):
(A) ionic substance
(B) non-polar covalent substance
(C) polar covalent substance
(D) macromolecular substance
(E) metallic substance

Answer 1

Hint: A dipole moment occurs when there is a separation of charge. They can occur between two ions in an ionic bond or between two atoms in a covalent bond; dipole moment rises from a difference in electronegativity. Larger dipole moment with the larger difference in electronegativity of atoms involved in bond formation.

Complete step by step solution:
When a covalent bond is formed between two similar atoms $H_2,C{l}_2\mathrm{\&}{O}_2$ the shared pair electrons equally attracted by two atoms. The bond is called a nonpolar covalent bond.
As a result of polarization, the molecule possesses the dipole moment, a measure of the polarity of the molecule. The distance between the charge separation is also a deciding factor in the size of the dipole moment.
Dipole Moment ( $\mu$ ) = charge (Q) X distance separation (r)
The dipole moment is usually expressed in the Debye unit (D).
The conversion factor, 1D = $3.33564X{10}^{-30}Cm$ , where C is coulomb and m is a meter
When a molecule consists of more than one polar pond, maybe the polarity of the bond cancels with another. While in the case of polyatomic molecules like carbon tetrachloride, polarity will decide based on the structure of the molecule. In such a case, it is necessary to treat each bond as a vector and it indicates with an arrow. The arrow shows the length of the molecule and the direction shows from positive to negative end, such that adding an individual bond dipole moment as a vector will give the overall dipole moment of the molecule.
The hybridization of carbon tetrachloride is $s{p}^3$, its structure is tetrahedral.

The tetrahedral structure of carbon tetrachloride $CC{l}_4$ shows in the figure above. This figure indicates the simplest arrangements of equivalent bonds around the central atom with a resulting dipole moment of zero. Because in the tetrahedral the polarity of three right-hand bonds cancels the left-handed bond polarity. So, carbon tetrachloride is a nonpolar covalent bond.

The correct answer is option B.

Note: A nonpolar covalent bond is a type of covalent bond because the separation of charges between two or more atoms due to the dipole moment is zero. The type of covalent bond when polar bonds arrange themselves such that cancel each other.