Question

Why are mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell?

Answer 1

Hint: A mitochondrion is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in the majority of eukaryotic organisms. Mitochondria produces the majority of the cell's adenosine triphosphate, which is used as a source of chemical energy.

Complete answer:
 Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells that produce the primary energy molecule, ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Mitochondria are known as the cell's powerhouse because they are in charge of extracting energy from food via cellular respiration. The energy is released as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is an energy currency of the cell.

Mitochondrial Structure:
- The mitochondrion is a double-membraned, rod-shaped structure that can be found in both plant and animal cells.
- Its diameter ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer.
- The structure is made up of three membranes: an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a gel-like material known as the matrix.
- The outer and inner membranes are made of proteins and phospholipid layers that are separated by an intramembranous space.
- The outer membrane, which covers the surface of the mitochondrion, contains a large number of porins, which are special proteins.
- It is permeable to ions, nutrient molecules, and energy molecules such as ADP and ATP.

The structure of mitochondria's inner membrane is quite complex. It has numerous folds that form a layered structure known as cristae, which aids in increasing the surface area of the organelle. The mitochondrial matrix is a viscous fluid containing an enzyme and protein mixture. Ribosomes, inorganic ions, mitochondrial DNA, nucleotide cofactors, and organic molecules are also present. The enzymes present in the matrix play an important role in the synthesis of ATP molecules.

Note: Any abnormality in the way mitochondria function can have a direct impact on human health, but it is often difficult to identify because symptoms vary from person to person. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be severe; in some cases, it can even lead to organ failure. Mitochondrial diseases include Alpers' disease, Barth syndrome, and Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS).