Question

What are horizontal rows and vertical columns in a periodic table known as ?

Answer 1

Hint: The periodic table, commonly known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular representation of chemical elements organised by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurrent chemical characteristics. The table's structure reveals periodic patterns. All of the elements from 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson) have been found or synthesised, completing seven full rows of the periodic table.

Complete answer:
In the periodic table, a group or family is a vertical column. Periodic patterns in groups are generally more important than in periods and blocks, as discussed below. Modern quantum mechanical models of atomic structure proposed that elements in the same group have similar electron configurations in their valence shells, which explains group trends. As a result, elements in the same group tend to have similar chemistry and display a distinct property trend as their atomic number increases. Horizontal similarities can be as important as, or more apparent than, vertical similarities in some areas of the periodic table, such as the d-block and the f-block.
In the periodic table, a period is a horizontal row. Although vertical group trends are typically more prominent, there are some places where horizontal group trends are more significant, such as the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides constitute two significant horizontal series of elements. Atomic radius, ionisation energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity all show changes in the same time. Atomic radius generally decreases as one moves from left to right during a period. This happens because each new element adds a proton and an electron, causing the electron to be pulled closer to the nucleus.

Note:
Each box represents one element and contains information such as the element's atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (in some cases) name. Seven horizontal rows, referred to as periods or series, and 18 vertical columns, referred to as groups, hold the components. At the top of each column, groups are labelled. The labels in the United States used to have Roman numbers with capital letters. However, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) advises that the digits 1 through 18 be used, and these labels are more frequent. Parts of two of the rows, totaling 14 columns, are generally written below the main body of the table to fit on a single page.